Which architectural style is characterized by its roughness and rawness, often using raw concrete?

Brutalism is recognized for its distinctive aesthetic marked by the use of raw materials, particularly raw concrete, and a bold, rugged appearance. This architectural style emerged in the mid-20th century and is characterized by massive, sculptural forms that often expose the materials and structural elements of a building.

The term "Brutalism" itself is derived from the French phrase "béton brut," which translates to "raw concrete." This highlights the emphasis on unrefined materials and the honest expression of construction techniques. Buildings designed in this style often have a strong presence, with geometric shapes and an emphasis on functionality over decorative features. The rawness of the material complements the architectural intent of honesty and simplicity, offering a sense of solidity and permanence.

Other architectural styles mentioned have different focuses that do not align with the characteristics of Brutalism. Modernism, for example, often emphasizes clean lines and the absence of ornamentation but typically employs smoother finishes. Futurism is known for its dynamic forms and a sense of movement, often incorporating modern technologies and innovative materials. Minimalism focuses on simplicity and the reduction of elements to their essential forms, which may not necessarily include the raw textures and forms prevalent in Brutalism.