Which theory first explained the distribution of social groups within urban areas?

The Concentric Zone Theory, developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess in the 1920s, is the correct framework for explaining the distribution of social groups within urban areas. This theory posits that cities grow in a series of circular zones radiating from a central point, typically the central business district (CBD). Each zone is characterized by different social and economic activities, leading to distinct residential patterns.

For example, the original zone surrounding the CBD is typically inhabited by low-income families and immigrants who may prioritize proximity to employment opportunities. As one moves outward, the subsequent zones gradually transition into middle and upper-class residential areas. This organized spatial arrangement provides a structured lens through which urban sociologists and planners can understand the socioeconomic dynamics within cities, illustrating how social classes are distributed in relation to urban space.

The other theories, while also relevant to urban geography, focus on different aspects of urban development and do not primarily address the spatial distribution of social groups in terms of concentric zones or structural layers.